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On May 18, 2007, the Virgo interferometer began its first scientific production run. It is about a crucial stage in the tracking with the gravitational waves. Virgo, the largest European detector (Franco-Italian), comes to join detectors LIGO, in the United States. This ultraperformant networ

According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product

k of instruments of observation will have in particular the capacity to observe the coalescence (1) of binary black holes in distant galaxies and to provide information on the direction of the source. The operation of Virgo is jointly assured by CNRS and the national Institute Italian nuclear

; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.

Examples of combination products may in

physics (INFN).

The gravitational waves, predicted by the general theory of relativity, are deformations of space time. They are produced by astrophysical phenomena violent one in our galaxy and well beyond. For example, explosions of supernovas or the coalescence of two compact bodies, suc

lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.

h holes black or neutron stars. Today, only of the indirect evidences of the emission of gravitational waves were observed (rewarded by the Nobel Prize for physics in 1993).

The first direct observation will open the field of gravitational astronomy and will make it possible to look further

here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe

nto our comprehension of the gravitation and general relativity. With the first scientific & engineering production run of Virgo, which began on May 18, 2007, it is from now on possible thing. Virgo functions of day like night, constantly with the listening of the gravitational signals coming

d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.

Combination pro

from the close Universe (to the galaxy cluster Virgo, from where its name).

A team of operators and scientists exploit and monitor the instrument 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. The signals are detected, recorded and are the subject of a first analysis using an information processing syst

ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc

em on line. These data are then availability of the scientific community for a more advanced later study. The gravitational wave detector Virgo is primarily a laser interferometer of Michelson made up of two three kilometers length orthogonal arms. The light travels several times between two

easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi

mirrors located at the ends of each arm, before combining with the light coming from the other arm to interfere.

The gravitational waves should appear by dilations and contractions of the distance between the mirrors of each arm (and by a change of the interference), about a billionth of the

nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically

diameter of an atom (10-18 meter). To detect so negligible changes, the detector calls upon the most advanced technologies, in the fields of the metallurgy, optics, the systems of control, the vacuum, data processing, the analysis of data etc the laboratories of CNRS of Annecy, Lyon, Nice, Or

and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ

say and Paris (2) is strongly implied in Virgo and the consortium EGO (cofinanced by CNRS and the INFN), which shelters and ensures the operation of Virgo. The teams of VIRGO are allied to the scientists of LIGO in the United States and GEO in the United Kingdom and in Germany, in order to se

ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi

ek the gravitational waves jointly. The combined data will increase the chances to find the first waves gravitational and will provide more technology information on the position of the source. The common analysis of the data will be made as if

ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.

Following aspects would a

they came from a single detectormade up of several probes distributed on two banks of the Atlantic and the East coast of the Pacific.

About VIRGO-
The Virgo detector for gravitational waves consists mainly in a Michelson laser interferom

dd to the challenges in developing combination products:

Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod

ter made of two orthogonal arms being each 3 kilometers long. Multiple reflections between mirrors located at the extremities of each arm extend the effective optical length of each arm up to 120 kilometers. Virgo is located within the site of EGO, European Gravitational Observatory, based at

cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin

Cascina, near Pisa on the river Arno plain.

The frequency range of Virgo extends from 10 to 6,000 Hz. This range as well as the very high sensitivity should allow detection of gravitational radiation produced by supernovae and coalescence of binary systems in the milky way and in outer gala

tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen

xies, for instance from the Virgo cluster.

In order to reach the extreme sensitivity required, the whole interferometer attains optical perfection and is extremely well isolated from the rest of the world in order to be only sensitive to the gravitational waves. To achieve it, Italian and Fr

t?

As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel

ench scientists involved in the project, have developed most advanced techniques in the field of high power ultrastable lasers, high reflectivity mirrors, seismic isolation and position and alignment control.

In the field of optics, Virgo uses a new generation of ultrastable lasers, and the

ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.

Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust

ost stable oscillator ever built. A specific optical coating facility has been built to produce extremely high quality mirrors combining the highest reflectivity (over 99,999 %), with nanometer surface control

To avoid spurious motions of the optical components due to seismic noise; each one

y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products

of them is isolated by a 10m high, very elaborate system of compound pendulums. Because the presence of a residual gas would slightly perturb the measurements the light beam must propagate under ultra high vacuum. The two tubes, 3km long and 1.2m diameter each are actually the largest ultra

.

As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de

high vacuum vessels in Europe and the second largest in the world. The environment of the Virgo interferometer is quieter than that of a spacecraft orbiting the earth.

Virgo, the construction of which was completed in June 2003 and is at present is in the commissioning phase, will run day an

elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.

Companies that provide selfless information through particip

d night listening to all gravitational signals which may arrive at any time and coming from any part of the Universe. The signals are detected, recorded and pre-analysed through an on-line computing system. These data will then be made available to the scientific community for further analysi

tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products

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